{"product_id":"istanbul-at-the-threshold-of-nation-state","title":"Istanbul at the Threshold of Nation State","description":"\u003cp\u003e\n\tDuring the formation of the Turkish national movement, while Istanbul was under British, French, and Italian occupation, a distinct factional split emerged. One side supported the Ottoman sultanate’s sovereignty, while the other championed a populist, republican path. \u003cem\u003eAn Istanbul at the Threshold of Nation State \u003c\/em\u003econtextualizes this history of coalition, political disintegration, and power struggles in Turkey between 1918 and 1923 to highlight the rise of anti-communist movements and the emergence of national labor and merchant confederations that formed xenophobic, Christian exclusionary policies in the 1920s and 30s.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Berghahn Books","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":54261194654040,"sku":"9781805396000","price":104.99,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0278\/1295\/4195\/files\/9781805396000_837c33ba-df0e-4ee0-ace6-279bdccd8ebb.jpg?v=1770713146","url":"https:\/\/agendabookshop.com\/products\/istanbul-at-the-threshold-of-nation-state","provider":"Agenda Bookshop","version":"1.0","type":"link"}