{"product_id":"replication-and-evidence-factors-in-observational-studies","title":"Replication and Evidence Factors in Observational Studies","description":"\u003cp\u003eOutside of randomized experiments, association does not imply causation, and yet there is nothing defective about our knowledge that smoking causes lung cancer, a conclusion reached in the absence of randomized experimentation with humans. How is that possible? If observed associations do not identify causal effects in observational studies, how can a sequence of such associations become decisive? \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTwo or more associations may each be susceptible to unmeasured biases, yet not susceptible to the same biases. An observational study has two evidence factors if it provides two comparisons susceptible to different biases that may be combined as if from independent studies of different data by different investigators, despite using the same data twice. If the two factors concur, then they may exhibit greater insensitivity to unmeasured biases than either factor exhibits on its own. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eReplication and Evidence Factors in Observational Studies\u003c\/b\u003e includes four parts:\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eA concise introduction to causal inference, making the book self-contained\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePractical examples of evidence factors from the health and social sciences with analyses in R\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThe theory of evidence factors\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eStudy design with evidence factors\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003cp\u003eA companion R package evident is available from CRAN.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Taylor \u0026 Francis Ltd","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":54238106321240,"sku":"9780367483883","price":173.6,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0278\/1295\/4195\/files\/9780367483883.jpg?v=1778817690","url":"https:\/\/agendabookshop.com\/products\/replication-and-evidence-factors-in-observational-studies","provider":"Agenda Bookshop","version":"1.0","type":"link"}