China in the Age of Artificial Intelligence

This book examines artificial intelligence in China not simply as a technological development, but as part of a longer reflection on order, authority, and the role of technique in social life. Rather than treating AI as a neutral sector of innovation, the book situates it within cultural and political traditions that shape how technology is understood, regulated, and integrated into state projects.

Drawing on classical Chinese texts alongside contemporary policy documents and legal frameworks, the study shows how artificial intelligence has been embedded in a model of modernization grounded in planning, coordination, and infrastructural scale. Data, computing power, and standards emerge as elements of state capacity rather than merely technical assets. The book also addresses tensions within this approach – between control and creativity, scale, and flexibility – and considers China’s efforts to shape global debates on AI governance, particularly through engagement with the United Nations and the Global South.

Introducing the concept of the “machine state,” the book offers a framework for understanding how governance increasingly operates through technical systems. It will interest scholars as well as policymakers and business actors seeking to interpret China’s technological strategy and its implications for global technology governance.

Łukasz Gacek is Professor of Political Science at the Institute of the Middle and Far East Studies, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Poland, where he heads the Department of China. His research focuses on contemporary China, particularly science and technology policy, artificial intelligence governance, strategic narratives, environmental and energy policy, and China’s role in the evolving global order. He has conducted extended research stays in China, including at Fudan University and Xiamen University, and has combined academic research with professional experience in China. He is the author and co-author of several books, including Nowy wspaniały świat…? Strategiczne narracje Chin reformy systemu globalnego zarządzania (2024), Taiwan under Tsai Ing-wen: Democracy Diplomacy (2022), and China’s Environmental Policy in Terms of European Union Standards (2021).