Civic and the Tribal State

The primordial bonds of early societies—common ancestry or tribal bonds and territorial or neighborhood bonds—are at the root of early political organization. States based on common tribal or ethnic identity have tended to develop into highly nationalistic states. The civic state, based upon territory, appeared in embryonic form in Athens. It was Rome, however, that made the complete transition, creating a civic state based on an association of free citizens, irrespective of ethnicity.

The tribal state in its extreme, often totalitarian, form has led to genocide, holocausts, and ethnic cleansing. The civic or territorial state has developed into modern pluralistic, multiethnic, democratic states with equal rights for diverse groups. This was accomplished by a historical process of separation of ethnicity from citizenship. As Feliks Gross shows, there are many types of civic and tribal states: they do not fit into a single model, but they can be grouped into related families. This important survey of political and social development will be of great interest to students and scholars of political sociology, ethnic studies, and political history.

FELIKS GROSS is Professor Emeritus of Sociology of Brooklyn College and Graduate School, City University of New York, and honorary President of the CUNY Academy for Humanities and Science. He is also President of the Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences. He has published extensively, including fourteen earlier book-length studies, of which Ideologies, Goals, and Values (Greenwood, 1984) is the most recent.