A01=Karen Sullivan
Author_Karen Sullivan
Category=DSBB
Category=NHDJ
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eq_history
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Introducing
Product details
- ISBN 9781837723751
- Dimensions: 129 x 198mm
- Publication Date: 15 Apr 2026
- Publisher: University of Wales Press
- Publication City/Country: GB
- Product Form: Paperback
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Since the Middle Ages, bears have most frequently been seen as objects. For many centuries, Europeans regarded bears as pests to be eradicated because of the danger they posed to human beings and livestock, whilst in recent decades they have increasingly been seen as victims to be protected from human violence. When a bear attacks, the contemporary response is typically to blame human beings’ failure, either to signal their presence in bears’ habitats or to bear-proof their backyards. For climate change activists, the polar bear has become emblematic of the threat posed by humans to the natural world, even though the polar bear’s population has steadily increased in recent times. At two extremes, bears have been objects of predation or pity.
In medieval times, however, bears were not objects but subjects viewed as creatures of God. They were seen as being in possession of something analogous to rationality, which enabled them to display surprising intelligence: as warriors endowed with both strength and courage to which humans could only aspire; as fierce competitors in bear-baiting spectacles, like prize-fighters engaged in a bloody sport; or as lovers, inclined to abduct women and have children with them. People treated bears as they expected to be treated themselves, and expected them to behave as humans would; not as passive victims of human action, but as active subjects.
Karen Sullivan is Irma Brandeis Professor of Romance Culture and Literature at Bard College. She is the author of several books on medieval literature and history, most published by the University of Chicago Press.
