Life of Black Hawk

Born in 1767 at Saukenuk on the Rock River in western Illinois, Black Hawk of the Sauk and Fox Nation rose from young warrior to fierce defender of his people as the United States pushed relentlessly westward. His autobiography, originally dictated in 1833, is one of the earliest Native American life narratives recorded: a warrior’s unfiltered account of betrayal, resistance, and the patriotic fight to protect his homeland. In 1832, Black Hawk led his people to reclaim Saukenuk. Settlers had destroyed their homes and crops and illegally occupied their land that had been recognized as Sauk and Fox by treaty. After winning the first two battles against the U.S. military and volunteer militia in Wisconsin, Black Hawk’s band lost the final one at Bad Axe. Black Hawk’s people were forced to accept permanent removal to the west, and he became a prisoner of war at the Fort Jefferson barracks near St. Louis. It was there that he dictated his autobiography to an interpreter.

Introduced and edited by historian Donald L. Fixico, this new edition of Life of Black Hawk brings fresh context and cultural depth to Black Hawk’s words, illuminating the Sauk and Fox worldview, the sacred traditions of the Thunder Clan, and the spiritual life that shaped this remarkable leader. Black Hawk's account conveys what it was like to be a Sauk warrior in the early 1800s. He explains the Medicine Way of his people and how the traditional worldview of Black Hawk was quickly changing from a harmonious relationship with nature to unavoidable frontier hostilities with an expanding United States. You feel the frustrating dilemma of Black Hawk, who knows that defending his people and fighting to save his homeland is morally right. Timely, intimate, and essential, this volume is both a vivid window into the Indigenous experience on the frontier and a testament to a man who stands alongside the great Native patriots. For readers of Native American history, military history, and American biography, this is an extraordinary story that has never been more important to hear. 

Donald L. Fixico is Regents and Distinguished Professor of History at Arizona State University. He is Shawnee, Muscogee, Seminole, and Sac and Fox enrolled, and author and editor of twenty books on American Indians. Dr. Fixico is a member of the Oklahoma Historians Hall of Fame.