Navigating Colonial Orders: Norwegian Entrepreneurship in Africa and Oceania

Norwegians in colonial Africa and Oceania had varying aspirations and adapted in different ways to changing social, political and geographical circumstances in foreign, colonial settings. They included Norwegian shipowners, captains, and diplomats; traders and whalers along the African coast and in Antarctica; large-scale plantation owners in Mozambique and Hawai''i; big business men in South Africa; jacks of all trades in the Solomon Islands; timber merchants on Zanzibar'' coffee farmers in Kenya; and King Leopold''s footmen in Congo. This collection reveals narratives of the colonial era that are often ignored or obscured by the national histories of former colonial powers. It charts the entrepreneurial routes chosen by various Norwegians and the places they ventured, while demonstrating the importance of recognizing the complicity of such non-colonial colonials for understanding the complexity of colonial history.