Polish Exile

Hasidism, a vibrant Jewish mystical movement, emerged in Eastern Europe in the eighteenth century. Among its branches, Chabad took root and flourished in tsarist Russia, radiating its distinct intellectual and spiritual approach from the Russian town of Lubavitch. But World War I, the October Revolution, and the rise of the Soviet regime shattered the Chabad community and forced its leader, Rebbe Yosef Yitshak Schneersohn, into exile – first to Latvia and later to Poland, home to Europe’s largest Jewish population at the time.

While Poland appeared to offer a stable refuge and fertile grounds for rebuilding Chabad’s institutional and religious foundations, the movement soon confronted a series of profound challenges: shifting internal political conditions, fierce competition within the Jewish communal sphere, and rapidly evolving social realities. Drawing on an exceptional range of Hebrew, Yiddish, Polish, and Russian archival sources, Wojciech Tworek explores how these pressures forced Chabad to adapt and redefine itself within the context of modernity. He traces Chabad’s mystical teachings, literary production, institutional expansion, and evolving ritual life during the interwar years, demonstrating how amid a turbulent era of displacement and reinvention its leadership strategically reinterpreted – and at times recast – the movement’s past. In doing so, it laid the groundwork for Chabad’s postwar messianic orientation, its global outreach, and the emergence of an increasingly influential form of Orthodox fundamentalism.

The first full account of Chabad’s interwar transformation, The Polish Exile fills a vital gap in the study of Jewish history and religion.