Roman Standards & Standard-Bearers (2)
The Late Roman Empire was a period of significant change in the designs of standards and in the costumes of standard-bearers.
During the middle decades of the chaotic 3rd century, evidence confirms the continued use of the old legionary eagle and the signa of the old cohorts and centuries, alongside flags and Imperial images. The two major trends over the later generations were the adoption of Christian symbols on standards (e.g. Constantine the Great's Chi-Rho), and the proliferation of different types of flags. This had begun in the late 2nd century with the adoption of the 'barbarian' dragon standard, the windsock-shaped draco, which continued to be displayed alongside various other flags in the Greek-speaking Eastern Empire, whose influence increased greatly. Meanwhile, the growing employment of foreign units was such that by the 5th century we have evidence of the use of Hunnic symbolism among a Roman general's suite of standards. The costumes of standard-bearers also evolved as 'Persian' styles spread from Constantinople.
This book explores all these changes in depth, charting the development of various costumes and designs and the waxing and waning influence of various cultures and religious considerations. The text is supported by specially commissioned illustrations and artist’s reconstructions of the standards and their bearers.
Raffaele D’Amato, PhD, is the author of some 40 books and numerous articles on the militaries of Ancient Greece, the Roman Empire, Byzantium and the Middle Ages. For two years he taught at Fatih University, Istanbul as a visiting professor. He currently works as a lawyer and as an external researcher for the Laboratory of the Danubian Provinces at the University of Ferrara, Italy.
Andrey Negin was born, educated and works in Nizhny Novgorod, Russia. He holds a doctorate in Historical Sciences, and is Associate Professor in the Department of History of the Ancient World and Classical Languages at N.I. Lobachevsky State University, Nizhny Novgorod. His primary interest is the study of ancient Roman armour, his main theme of research being parade and ceremonial armours. He has published on these subjects in a number of Russian and foreign archaeological journals.