Gender and the Jubilee: Black Freedom and the Reconstruction of Citizenship in Civil War Missouri

Gender and the Jubilee is a bold reconceptualization of black freedom during the Civil War that uncovers the political and constitutional claims made by African American women. By analyzing the actions of women in the urban environment of St. Louis and the surrounding areas of rural Missouri, Romeo uncovers the confluenceof military events, policy changes, and black agency that shaped the gendered paths to freedom and citizenship.

During the turbulent years of the Civil War crisis, African American women asserted their vision of freedom through a multitude of strategies. They took concerns ordinarily under the jurisdiction of civil courts, such as assault and child custody, and transformed them into military matters. African American women petitioned military police for free papers; testified against former owners; fled to contraband camps; and joined the army with their male relatives, serving as cooks, laundresses, and nurses.

Freedwomen, and even enslaved women, used military courts to lodge complaints against employers and former masters, sought legal recognition of their marriages, and claimed pensions as the widows of war veterans. Through military venues, African American women in a state where the institution of slavery remained unmolested by the Emancipation Proclamation, demonstrated a claim on citizenship rights well before they would be guaranteed through the establishment of the Fourteenth Amendment. The litigating slave women of antebellum St. Louis, and the female activists of the Civil War period, left a rich legal heritage to those who would continue the struggle for civil rights in the postbellum era.Millward opens with a striking discussion about how researching the life of asingle enslaved woman, Charity Folks, transforms our understanding of slaveryand freedom in Revolutionary America. For African American women suchas Folks, freedom, like enslavement, was tied to a bondwomans reproductivecapacities. Their offspring were used to perpetuate the slave economy. Findingloopholes in the law meant that enslaved women could give birth to and raisefree children. For Millward, Folks demonstrates the fluidity of the boundariesbetween slavery and freedom, which was due largely to the gendered space occupiedby enslaved women. The gendering of freedom influenced notions of liberty,equality, and race in what became the new nation and had profound implicationsfor African American womens future interactions with the state See more