The Human Brain during the First Trimester 21- to 23-mm Crown-Rump Lengths: Atlas of Human Central Nervous System Development, Volume 4

About Joseph AltmanShirley A. Bayer

Shirley A. Bayer received her PhD from Purdue University in 1974 and spent most of her scientific career working with Joseph Altman. She was a Professor of Biology at Indiana-Purdue University in Indianpolis for several years where she taught courses in Human Anatomy and Developmental Neurobiology while continuing to do research in brain development. Her lengthy publication record of dozens of peer reviewed scientific journal articles extends back to the mid 1970s. She has co-authored several books and many articles with her late spouse Joseph Altman. It was her research (published in Science in 1982) that proved that new neurons are added to granule cells in the dentate gyrus during adult life a unique neuronal population that grows. That paper stimulated interest in the dormant field of adult neurogenesis.Joseph Altman now deceased was born in Hungary and migrated with his family via Germany and Australia to the United States. In New York he became a graduate student in psychology in the laboratory of Hans-Lukas Teuber earning a PhD. in 1959 from New York University. He was a postdoctoral fellow at Columbia University and later joined the faculty at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. In 1968 he accepted a position as a Professor of Biology at Purdue University. During his career he collaborated closely with Shirley A. Bayer. From the early 1960s to 2016. He published many articles in peer-reviewed journals books monographs and online free books that emphasized developmental processes in brain anatomy and function. His most important discovery was adult neurogenesis the creation of new neurons in the adult brain. This discovery was made in the early 1960s while he was based at MIT and was largely ignored in favor of the prevailing dogma that neurogenesis is limited to prenatal development. After Shirleys paper proved that new neurons are adding to granule cells in the hippocampus Altmans monumental discovery became more accepted. During the 1990s new researchers rediscovered and confirmed his original finding. Adult neurogenesis has recently been proven to occur in the dentate gyrus olfactory bulb and striatum through the measurement of Carbon-14the levels of which changed during nuclear bomb testing throughout the 20th centuryin postmortem human brains. Today many laboratories around the world are continuing to study the importance of adult neurogenesis in brain function. In 2011 Altman was awarded the Prince of Asturias Award an annual prize given in Spain by the Prince of Asturias Foundation to individuals entities or organizations from around the world who make notable achievements in the sciences humanities and public affairs. In 2012 he received the International Prize for Biology - an annual award from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) for outstanding contribution to the advancement of research in fundamental biology. This Prize is one of the most prestigious honors a scientist can receive. Altman died in 2016 and Shirley continues the work they started over 50 years ago. In Altmans honor Shirley has set up the Altman Prize awarded each year to an outstanding young researcher in developmental neuroscience by JSPS.