Work, Fight, or Play Ball: How Bethlehem Steel Helped Baseball''s Stars Avoid World War I

In 1918, Bethlehem Steel started the worlds greatest industrial baseball league. Appealing to Major League Baseball players looking to avoid service in the Great War, teams employed ringers like Babe Ruth, Rogers Hornsby, and Shoeless Joe Jackson in what became scornfully known as safe shelter leagues. In Work, Fight, or Play Ball, William Ecenbarger fondly recounts this little-known story of how dozens of athletes faced professional conflicts and a difficult choice in light of public perceptions and war propaganda.

Some players used the steel mill and shipyard leagues to avoid wartime military duty, irking Major League owners, who saw their rosters dwindling. Bethlehem Steel President Charles Schwab (no relation to the financier) saw the league as a means to stave off employee and union organizing. Most fans loudly criticized the ballplayers, but nevertheless showed up to watch the action on the diamond.

Ecenbarger traces the 1918 Steel Leagues season and compares the fates of the players who defected to industry or continued to play stateside with the travails of the Major Leaguers, such as Christy Mathewson, Ty Cobb, and Grover Cleveland Alexander, who served during the war.

Work, Fight, or Play Ball reveals the home field advantage brought on by the war, which allowed companies to profit from Major League players. See more